Order cheap ativan online, [I'm posting this anew, but it is in part a response to questions from Tobias and Anthony on the previous post.]

No sooner did I abandon this topic than I picked up Arendt's The Human Condition, wherein there is, in chapter 6, an all too brief reflection on novelty (of precisely that form of philosophy of modernity that Tobias articulates as the main domain of this activity). The chapter announces that the three great events that define the character of the modern world are America (its discovery), the Reformation (and counter-reformation) and the telescope of Galileo. At this point Arendt says:

"The names we connect with them, Galileo Galilei and Martin Luther and the great seafarers, explorers and adventurers in the age of discovery, buy ativan without prescription, still belong to the premodern world. Moreover, the strange pathos of novelty, the almost violent insistence of nearly all the great authors, Order ativan from canada, scientists and philosophers since the seventeenth century that they saw things never seen before, thought thoughts never thought before, can be found in none of them, not even in Galileo."

There follows a footnote on novelty, the emergence of the term scienza nuova, a reference to Alexandre Koyre and a bit on the work of Karl Jaspers (from whom Arendt borrows the term "pathos of novelty"), West Virginia WV W.Va. , specifically Japers' essay on Descartes. Her basic point seems to be that these great events that characterize modernity are not continuous with the past, but nor is it possible to say that they occurred because Luther or Galileo or the seafarers were seeking something new. Rather they were ensconced in their own conceptual scheme (to foreshadow the likes of Kuhn and Davidson) in which novelty was not so important, but out of which emerged a new scheme with novelty as its key value, order cheap ativan online. Nothing new about this, Nevada NV Nev. , as we say.

Now, on the one hand, this is undoubtedly reassuring, to see novelty explicitly marked out as a value which radically increased in stature with the rise of modernity, modern philosophy and science, Rhode Island RI R.I. , and around which we all turn with a faithfulness that we rarely question. On the other hand, it is a version of things that re-introduces an epochal break (a form of novelty about which we have been taught to be suspicious around here), and which Tobias very nicely articulated in his comment. Wyoming WY Wyo. , Surely novelty is not itself new, and from here we can have a rich, but ultimately fruitless discussion about modernity and the philosophy of history. Order cheap ativan online, So at this point I would echo Anthony's comment on the previous post that there is reason to be careful about the referent of novelty--no novelty as such, but always the novelty of some thing. Novelty always modifies a claim. However, this requires more clarification, where to buy ativan, so let me propose this distinction:

1) the question of novelty as a claim about something: is it new or not. Can one define a set of parameters (a mode of veridiction, even) that allow novelty to be claimed convincingly in some cases and not others. Does this claim vary with the kinds of objects in play: art, Colorado CO Colo. , scientific 'discoveries', corporate product design, fashion, political causes, etc.

2) the question of novelty as one value among others, and often the most important one: it is more important to be new than certain, true, effective, flourishy, just, human etc, order cheap ativan online. Or to refine this, Montana MT Mont. , all other values are subordinated to novelty: it may be more effective, more just, more certain than something else, but we should value it because this makes it new. Cheapest ativan prices, It strikes me that classical conservatism is the only stance that actively resists this version of novelty (i.e. "Just because something is new, doesn't mean it is better." See for example, "The Relentless Cult of Novelty" by Solzhenitsyn).

and related to this,

2a) the question of novelty as marker of priority, Koop korting ativan, and a kind of bureacratic mechanism for managing the distribution of credit, resources and accolades or in the case of fraud, accusations. Order cheap ativan online, Novelty-as-firstness.

It strikes me that we anthropologists of the contemporary can safely hold hands, Ordering ativan pills, sing "If I Had a Hammer" and reject (1), in favor of emergence, or non-epochal thinking, or of difference and motion. I think there is a path out of that kind of obsessive concern with the new (and I do think assemblage-apparatus-problematization a useful starting place for that).

However, ativan prescription, I think it is extremely difficult to reject (2) or (2a). We can be cynical about them; we can see them as a problem of "some kind of rhetoric of authority as well as entrepreneurship" (Paul's comment); we can probably tie it to the economic and financial imperatives that drive knowledge production today; we can tie (2a) to the "university-ification" of culture (not the corporatization of the university), or perhaps to the "responsibilization" of individuals who must now all represent themselves as entrepreneurs, scientists, Purchase ativan, each with something new to offer. In any case, I would argue that (2) and (2a) are forms of novelty-as-experience which are central to self-fashioning in the contemporary, order cheap ativan online. When there are perfectly recognizable reasons to do something--something that will enhance flourishing or justice or even certainty--and yet it is impossible to do so unless it can also be made new, preferably cutting edge, then this form of novelty (or whatever it is) is at work.

An interesting outcome of this distinction is that (2) and (2a) becomes a problem for (1). As novelty-as-value and the need for widespread priority-ranking comes to dominate the scale of values, ativan sale, when they become the primary route to advancement, funding, access to power especially in knowledge-production, but beyond it is well, Buy ativan online, then this means people begin to propose, and to accept, ever more claims and things as novel in the sense of (1).

Think, for instance, of the proliferation of journals in academia, acquistare online ativan. Order cheap ativan online, Combine a publish-or-perish imperative with a novelty-as-key-value, and the system will burst if people cannot find outlets which both allow them to publish and stamp it with a seal of approval ("Now with more novelty!"), and so the number of journals is growing at an exponential rate today. Obviously, a great deal that is published today (that vast sea of ignorance) is not new in absolute terms, but only new to some community of scholars that read that journal (Or in the worst case, only new in order to promote careers). For ativan online, Differentiation of knowledge production between a high-culture of novelty and a low-culture of novelty (or perhaps a Royal and a Minor domain of novelty) thus seems possible, so long as the two don't mingle. No longer does it seem so easy to denounce "pseudo-science" "bad science" or "alternative science" simply because there is an exponentially growing sea of grey areas between the royal science and the many minor sciences all around it.

So the claim that everything must be new is true only in the sense of (2) and (2a), not (1). It is clear, I think that everything cannot be new in the sense of (1), for whatever value of new, order cheap ativan online. Novelty presumes ranking and priority, billiga ativan apotek. But that doesn't stop everyone from claiming novelty, regardless of the absolute truth of the matter. It is a bit of a Monadology: everything is new to some person or group, from some perspective, Cheapest ativan in the world, each living in different logoi, or within various, partially overlapping modernities. Obviously the differentiating, de-massifying power of the internet is crucial to this dynamic. Order cheap ativan online, At the same time that a thousand journals flourish, the top 10 most-read and most cited journals begin to matter more than ever before.

Anthony asked: is it not possible to be attentive to changes in degree and changes in kind, buy ativan from canada. To which I would say with respect to (1), it is absolutely possible. This is afterall, bread and butter to scientists who read only Kuhn: puzzle solving is new in degree, Ativan pedido en línea, paradigms are new in kind. However, with respect to (2) or (2a), I think it much harder. Every infinitesimal change in degree is accorded the status of novelty, because that is so much more important than other values, order cheap ativan online. Or at least, one can increase funding, buy ativan cheap, prestige, attention only be claiming that a change is new, to which all other values are subordinated. It is new because it is better, Vermont VT Vt. , it is new because it is greener, it is new because it is more responsible, etc. What would a change in kind look like in terms of (2) or (2a).

Consider what Jaspers says of novelty:

In the days when philosophy was metaphysics, a thinker lived in an enduring whole, cheap ativan online without prescription. Content with the philosophia perrenis Order cheap ativan online, in which he believed, he did not distinguish between the old and the new in his thoughts, for all of them were rooted in the whole. He judged ideas not by their novelty but by their authenticity. (Essay on Descartes, p. 132)

The characteristic feature of modern science therefore (and Jaspers excludes philosophy from this search for novelty, Descartes' New Method notwithstanding) is the image of rungs in an endless ladder. But what I think we see today is the endless proliferation of ladders, many of which cannot identify the ground they stand on, much less what they climb towards. Novelty, and the progress that is its justification, looks more like book-keeping from this perspective.

One last thing, Tobias' example of plasticity of the brain and its neurons is a lively one. In that same last section of the Human Condition, Arendt goes on at length (in unashamedly epochal terms) about the way Descartes' philosophy moved the Archimedean point from a place outside ourselves, even outside the earth, to the inside of our heads: "What men now have in common is not the world but the structure of their minds, and this they cannot have in common strictly speaking (283)" Neuroscience would be the apotheosis of this movement, and plasticity the introduction of doubt into the very claim that we have in minds in common.... all we have now are computers in common, and just barely that.

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Order ativan online cheap, n.b. this probably is more of interest to readers of VSS but I seem to not have post privileges over there.

CFP: Securing the future: the role of space in impending crises

AAG Las Vegas, March 22-7, acquistare a buon mercato ativan, 2009

Please send abstracts to Bethan Evans (b.evans@mmu.ac.uk) by Friday 10th
October (deadline for registration with the AAG is 16th October)

There has been a noticeable shift in public policy across a range of sectors
from policy focussed on individual (or corporate) responsibility to a focus
on the ‘environment’ (imagined in various guises) as the cause of, Ativan online, and
potential solution to a range of social ills (e.g. obesity, drinking, Idaho ID , crime, Minnesota MN Minn. , terrorism, climate change, etc), köpa ativan online. Often focussed on (though not restricted
to) the ‘urban’, Ordering ativan online without prescription, such policy uses a range of terms (space, environment,
context, Arkansas AR Ark. , etc.) to refer to the combination of spatial relations (social, Ordering ativan overnight delivery, cultural, physical, political, cheap ativan online, economic etc.) deemed responsible for
impending crises. Buy ativan online, Similar to Foucault’s (2007) use of the term ‘Milieu’,
such ‘environments’ are seen as spaces of intervention and hence as spaces
of security as environments and populations are seen as mutually
constitutive (population understood as a multiplicity bound to the material
relations within which they live).

Thus, according to Foucault, using the example of the construction or
planning of towns as a form of social control, security can be
differentiated from discipline through its particular relationship with both
space and time: “Security will rely on a number of material givens, order ativan online cheap. It
will, købe ativan, of course, Nebraska NE Nebr. , work on site with the flows of water, islands, air and so
forth, where to buy cheap ativan. Thus it works on a given…[which] will not be reconstructed to arrive
at a point of perfection, Kaufen ativan, as in a disciplinary town. … The town will not
be conceived or planned according to a static perception, but will open onto
a future that is not exactly controllable, buy generic ativan. … The specific space of security
refers then to a series of possible events; it refers to the temporal and
the uncertain, Cheapest ativan, which have to be inserted into a given space” (2007 p.19-20). Order ativan online cheap, Across the social sciences a range of work has also noted a fundamental
shift in the orientation to the future within recent policy (to pre-emption
and anticipatory governance) and accordingly the adoption of a broad range
of techniques (futures methodologies, multi-level modelling, scenario
planning, etc.) to capture and control future spaces. Such policies and
subsequent interventions (e.g. healthy / green towns) involve a range of
assumptions about the relationships between bodies, South Dakota SD , spaces, Ativan en ligne afin, technologies,
natures, etc, farmacia ativan baratos. which require further investigation. Connecticut CT Conn. , This call is therefore
for papers which explore the spatial and temporal relationships of policies
which claim the ability to secure the future.

Reference: Foucault M (2007) Security, Territory, ordering ativan online without prescription, Population: Lectures at
the College de France 1977-78. Buy cheap ativan online, Translated by Graham Burchell. Houndmills:
Palgrave Macmilan

Papers may address (but are not limited to) the following issues in relation
to such policy:

The temporalities (habit, predictions, billiga ativan apotek, everydaylife) and spatialities of security;
The relationship between bodies and spaces;
Methodologies for capturing future spaces;
The role of different populations in securing the future (age, Indiana IN Ind. , gender, ethnicity, etc);
The construction of urban natures/cultures;
Sites of impending crisis / intervention (city centres, Arizona AZ Ariz. , towns, suburbs, etc);
The role of the environment / urban as an ameliorative device;
The construction of impending crises as a result of ‘urban’ spaces / environments;
The role of technologies;
Temporal and spatial aspects of mobilities;
Situating policy within place and time – attempts to apply models of success
from other places;
The conflation of different ‘crises’;

Please send abstracts to Bethan Evans (b.evans@mmu.ac.uk) by Friday 10th
October (deadline for registration with the AAG is 16th October).

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Buy cheap ativan online, We have been through this before, and I won't open it up again. Buy ativan, But having just written a review of Reassembling the Social -- hopefully out soon in Contemporary Sociology -- I thought the following was of interest.

As those who have read the book know, ordering ativan overnight delivery, Minnesota MN Minn. , Reassembling is a very formal and methodological book. The key idea is that many social scientific concepts posit a reality behind and beyond observed phenomena; that they enable an unwarranted "acceleration" in analysis that does not, order ativan no rx, Where to buy ativan, therefore, "pay the full price" for tracing associations, Kjøp Discount ativan. Buy ativan online cheap, I thought, at the time of reading, Køb billige ativan, North Dakota ND , that this was a pretty good phrase -- "pay the full price."

So lookie here in Birth of Biopolitics: In a discussion of "inflationary" critiques of the state (which he is criticizing), Foucault says the following: "The third factor, φτηνές φαρμακείο ativan, Arkansas AR Ark. , the third inflationary mechanism which seems to be characteristic of this type of analysis, is that it enables one to avoid paying the full price of reality and actuality inasmuch as, buy ativan online, Ativan online, in the name of this dynamism of the state, something like a kinship or danger, Montana MT Mont. , Ordering ativan online legally, something like the great fantasy of the paranoic and devouring state can always be found. To that extent, ultimately it hardly matters what one's grasp of reality is or what profile of actuality reality presents, buy cheap ativan online. It is enough, ativan no prescription, Where to buy cheap ativan, through suspicion and, as Francois Ewald would say, order ativan online, Billig ativan apotek, 'denunciation,' to find something like the fantastical profile of the state and there is no longer any need to analyze actuality, Massachusetts MA Mass. . Buy ativan without prescription, The elision of actuality seems to me [to be] the third inflationary mechanism we find in this critique."

I highly recommend this entire passage, which is found around pp, comprar en línea ativan. Acquistare online ativan, 187-189. It is a rippingly satisfying critique of much of what passes for critical theory today, Rhode Island RI R.I. . Mississippi MS Miss. , Among other things, I would argue (and am trying to argue in something I am writing at the moment) that it is an implicit critique of Foucault's own position at the end of Society Must Be Defended when he links biopolitics to the totalitarian experiences of the early 20th century. More on that soon, I hope.

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Buy ativan cod, I know, I'm a total sucker for this stuff, but just a few soaring lines (of both methodological and conceptual interest) from the newly released (in English) Birth of Biopolitics to remind ourselves (at least some of us) why we do this:

“If we want to analyze this absolutely fundamental phenomenon in the history of Western governmentality, this irruption of the market as a principle of veridication, we should simply establish the intelligibility of this process by describing some of the connections between the different phenomena I have just referred to. This would involve showing how it became possible – that is to say, kopen goedkope ativan, Acheter ativan discount, not showing that it was necessary, which is a futile task anyway, Pennsylvania PA Penn. , Cheap ativan online without prescription, nor showing that it is a possibility, one possibility in a determinate field of possibilities….Let’s say that what enables us to make reality intelligible is simply showing that it was possible; establishing the intelligibility of reality consists in showing its possibility, ativan pedido en línea. Cheap ativan no rx, Speaking in general terms, let’s say that in this history of a jurisdictional and then veridictional market we have one of those innumerable intersections between jurisdiction and veridication that is undoubtedly a fundamental phenomenon in the history of the modern west.”

 

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Following up from many recent discussions I was hoping to take up again the relation between a history of the present and an anthropology of the contemporary Cheapest clomid, . Let's begin with a few recent texts from amongst ARC participants:

"In this position [of an anthropology of contemporary] the challenge is not to make the present seem contingent, ordering clomid no prescription, Generic clomid, but situating ourselves among contemporary blockages and opportunities the challenge is to reformulate these blockages and opportunities as problems so as to make available a range of possible solutions" (Rabinow/Bennett, "Diagnostic", cheap clomid overnight delivery, Maryland MD Md., p.8).

"In a contemporary situation where so much is already identified as contingent, cheap clomid without prescription, New York NY N.Y., there may not necessarily be a problem- space static enough to render contingent through, for instance, cheapest clomid online, Minnesota MN Minn., genealogical work… In a history of the present, something became a problem and through contestation eventually a stable response was formed, Colorado CO Colo.. Order clomid online, The stabilization can be reworked and inquired into in order to find those problematic sites prior to the stabilized response and how those particular responses were possible and under what conditions. In a contemporary mode the aim is to render a space of practices into a problem-space." (Stavrianakis, buy clomid online legally, Buy clomid without prescription, "Paraskeue", pp, Rhode Island RI R.I.. 1-2), cheapest clomid. Iowa IA, I would like to dig a little bit further into the differentiation being proposed here in order to better discern its precise value and relevance, because I am still not entirely clear as to what the import of the distinction is myself, cheap clomid. Buy clomid cheap, My concern stems from the thought that a history of the present can usefully function to do the kind of work that an anthropology of the contemporary is being taken up for.

Let's begin with the point about contingency, clomid online stores. District of Columbia DC D.C., I regard genealogy, perhaps somewhat against the grain of the best current scholarship, buy clomid from canada, Utah UT, as an attempt not only to show that certain present practices are contingent, but more primarily as an attempt to describe how our present practices have contingently developed, price of clomid. There is at least one crucial difference between demonstrating that x is contingent and inquiring into how Cheapest clomid, x has contingently formed. Order clomid online legally, The latter inquiry can provide amongst its yield the conceptual and practical materials which we would need to transform present situations. Proving that the present is contingent implies that the present can be changed, order clomid online cheap. Clomid sale, Showing how the present has been contingently formed gives us materials for reworking the present. I understand Foucault to have been working on the latter (how) more than on the former (that), Oregon OR Ore..

If this is a useful way of understanding genealogy (and if we take genealogy to be a paradigm of the history of the present), then I think genealogy indeed offers resources for an anthropology of the contemporary, and is perhaps even an exeemplification of it, cheapest clomid. Or perhaps not. If not, the question is why not? If the mode of the contemporary concerns the emergence in the present of the practices providing the objects and problematizations we are inquiring into, then perhaps the history of the present does concern the emergence over the course of the past of these practices. But it seems to me that as Foucault took up, for instance, prisons his inquiry was also in part an attempt to specify the contemporary blockages and difficulties which are rendering prisons problematic in the present. A problematization for Foucault faced two ways: it functioned as a clarification of certain historical problematics that had stabilized in the past but it also function as an intensification of these problematics insofar as they continue to be sites of contestation and elaboration in the present. Cheapest clomid, So a few questions: Is genealogy as I am reading it indeed useful for an inquiry into the contemporary. Is there something that genealogy forces which the mode of the contemporary need avoid. One important remaining difference which I can discern is this: a genealogy is oriented toward taking up present problematizations in terms of their temporal velocity and historical directionality whilst an anthropology of the contemporary can be satisfied to inquire into problematizations without concern for the historical terms of their emergence. The present is a temporal notion whilst, perhaps, the contemporary is not. What is at stake in this distinction, though. And is it a distinction which ought to be pressed very far. If so, what are the advantages of taking it seriously. And what do we lose by taking it too seriously.

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Buy acomplia without prescription, Friends, I am posting a very inspiring and thought provoking text Colin Koopman has generously provided. Idaho ID , As I mentioned last time, he has joined our little concept work committe and I hope that he will contribute many more texts, acomplia generic. Cheap acomplia overnight delivery, I've been tossing around a few questions about the concept of emergence as a name for objects of a form of inquiry that locates itself through problematization (Foucault) and reconstruction (Dewey). I'll first stake a claim (which is entirely debatable in my opinion) in order to be able to put these questions more directly. I'm hoping the questions are relevant to some of the inquiries taking place under the banner of ARC, but I suppose part of the motivation behind my asking them is to find out if these are the right kinds of questions which you all think need answering just now.

Emergence as Problematization and Reconstruction. Inquiries into emergence are best formulated not as theories of why the phenomena under scrutiny had to happen, cheapest acomplia, Rhode Island RI R.I. , but rather as concepts or conceptualizations which enable us to grasp the theoretical and practical forms (equipment?) that have contingently emerged. Emergence, that is, Osta acomplia online, αγοράσετε acomplia, is best grasped through inquiries which demonstrate not the necessity of that which emerges but inquiries which grasp both the contingency of the emergent and the particular contingent forms emerging as complex assemblages.

One way of inquiring into emergence in this register of contingency is by way of a form of inquiry which conceptualizes the problematizations and reconstructions (colloq., buy acomplia online without prescription, Order acomplia overnight delivery, the problems and solutions) which together enable the temporal-historical emergence of practices (complexes. singularities, Kansas KS Kans. . Order acomplia from canada, sites. hybrids, buy acomplia without prescription. assemblages, New York NY N.Y. . παραγγείλετε online acomplia, objects. x?). According to this form of inquiry (which could be genealogical, ordering acomplia pills, North Dakota ND , anthropological, or otherwise in its general orientation), acheter acomplia, Acomplia online kopen, complexes of practices are grasped as emergent responses to problems. (This emergence is best grasped as spiral rather than linear in nature: problems give rise to solutions which in turn fuel larger problems which in turn motivate larger solutions, and so on: complexes emerge in the form of reciprocally-developing structures of problematization and reconstruction.)

The Questions:

1, ordering acomplia online cheap. Alaska AK , In what ways is inquiry into the emergent (as it is specified above) dependent on whether or not the inquiry concerns complexes which have emerged in the distant past or recent past versus those which are only just beginning to emerge in the near future? Does problematization and reconstruction take on a different character or quality if the emergent object of inquiry has already taken shape, has only recently taken shape, order acomplia online without prescription, Kopen goedkope acomplia, or is only just beginning to shape up?

One preliminary shot at this question is that it does make a difference insofar as two slightly different forms of inquiry, and attendant concepts employed in the inquiries, Acheter en ligne acomplia, Acomplia prescription, are likely to be relevant. In the case of objects of inquiry which have already emerged, one is more likely to track problematizations and reconstructions which have already congealed, Køb billige acomplia, Acomplia ordine on-line, however contingently. But in the case of objects of inquiry which are only just now emerging or have only very recently assumed any sort of solidity, it seems that problematization and reconstruction could in principle make some definite contribution to the final shape of the emergent object under scrutiny. It is in this sense that to problematize or reconstruct a practice that is only just now under way is not to leave the practice as it is (i.e., to practice positivist philosophy in the sense still urged by the later Wittgenstein) but is rather to change that practice in the very process of grasping it. My sense is that both Dewey and Foucault (my theoretical sources for reconstruction and problematization respectively) liked to think that their own work was of this latter sort in making a definite contribution to the objects of their inquiry—whether or not this is in fact the case can be debated.

2. Is the relation between problematization and reconstruction adequately and correctly elaborated? Is the relation between these two conceptions of inquiry best formulated as two phases of the work of thought? Or would it be better instead to insist that problematization and reconstruction are two very similar conceptions of the same broad practice of inquiry, though articulated in different theoretical registers? I am inclined to think that problematization leads into reconstruction which in turn leads into further problematization, namely the view that these are best viewed as two different phases of inquiry which we can piece together if we wish. I am led to this view largely by the observation that in the theoretical sources for each of these concepts it is difficult to find a usable specification of the form of inquiry elaborated by the other concept—that is to say, it is difficult to find a usable elaboration of reconstruction in Foucault (helpful remarks in some late interviews and in "What is Enlightenment?" notwithstanding) just as it is difficult to find any sophisticated conception of problematization in Dewey (though he is clear that reconstructive inquiry always begins with an indeterminate and problematic situation).<>

3. If conceptions of problematization and reconstruction enable us to grasp emergence, then how should we understand these conceptions as functioning? Are they to be put forward as characterizations for the way that thought always works (a theory of inquiry, as it were)? Or should they rather be postulated as concepts which help us grasp emergence from some particular perspective which we have chosen to assume? If the latter, that is if problematization and reconstruction are conceptual tools, then it may help to specify what purpose these tools are being fashioned for and to specify what other sorts of intellectual tools these contrast to. What other forms of inquiry are possible? What do these other forms hope to achieve? What do problematization and reconstruction hope to achieve, particularly as concerns emergence, that other forms of inquiry are not suited for?.

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Clomid for sale, First of all: Sorry for the delay, which has been due to the simple fact that SJ Collier and I were too busy with our everyday jobs. Colin Koopmnan has joined our little committee on concept work and hence in future the three of us will try to coordinate the blog.

In our last exchange we discussed how to best depict our kind of inquiry (I am still somehow inclined to say ethnography or fieldwork). My initial effort to do so was to distinguish our kind of inquiry from theory driven kinds of research. One marker I used was "singularity." The term is intriguing – I guess – for many of us. Buy clomid online cheap, It promises to capture an ethos of relating to things – of taking them up – that is constitutive of our kind of research in its focus on the concrete, on the particular story or phenomenon that is emerging.

And yet, what "singularity" actually means, what its connotations and implications are is not quite clear. One way to approach the problem is to ask how others – who are somehow associated with it – use the term, e.g., Foucault.

The surprise was considerable: It appears that Foucault almost never uses the term singularity (at least not in French), clomid for sale. The index of Dits et Écrits lists the term twenty-three times, Missouri MO Mo.. In addition I found it a couple of times in The Archeology of Knowledge, in The Order of Things, and in History of Sexuality I and II (evidently I read very fast and no doubt oversaw some places).

But although – and this may be another surprise – Foucault uses the term rarely he uses it with remarkable, Cheapest clomid prices, indeed astonishing continuity. Over a period of almost twenty years its usage hardly varies. The methodological – philosophical – reflections that inform it remain almost unaltered.

What follows is a series of quotes. They are meant to met en scene Clomid for sale, the continuity. But they are also presented as kind of raw material for a discussion about what Foucault may have meant when speaking or writing about "singularity." What are the methodological – philosophical – implications. Can we spell out the conceptual assumptions that inform his usage of "singularity?" May we use the term in order to distinguish our inquiry from theory driven research, New Jersey NJ N.J.. Is his concept of singularity helpful for our effort to find adequate terms to think through and name the kind of inquiry – the kind of ethnography/fieldwork – we're engaged in (the kind of inquiry ethnographic inquiry is)?

The first quote is from 1968 (taken from "Sur l'archéologie des sciences. Réponse au Cercle d'épistémologie;" the text was first published in summer 1968. DE I: 706), clomid for sale. First the French, Order clomid bars, then the translation (which is a nightmare):

"En fait l'effacement systématique des unités toutes données permet d'abord de restituer à l'énoncé sa singularité d'événement : il n'est plus simplement considéré comme la mise en jeu d'une structure linguistique, ni comme la manifestation épisodique d'une signification plus profonde que lui; on le traite dans son irruption historique ; ce qu'on essaie de mettre sous le regard, c'est cette incision qu'il constitue, cette irréductible – et bien souvent minuscule – émergence."

"In fact, the systematic erasure of all the given unities allows to give back to the utterance (énonce) its singularity of an event: it is no longer simply viewed as the mise en jeu of a linguistic structure; nor is it viewed as the episodal manifestation of a signification deeper than it; one treats it in its historical irruption; that which one tries to make visible is the incision which is constitutive of it, buy clomid online, this irreducible – and often actually miniscule – emergence."

In almost the same way Foucault wrote in 1972, in his response to Derrida (my translation):

"But how could a philosopher of the trace possibly be sensitive for an analysis of an event. How could such a philosophy […] think the singularity of an event?"

The next quote is from 1978, Order clomid overnight delivery, taken from "What is Critique?" In this text Foucault offers no doubt the most explicit – but still somewhat cryptic – explanation of how he uses the term singularity – therefore the long quote. Thinking about his historicophilosophical practice Foucault says that the positivities he is analyzing are ensembles which are not evident. We need to study the ruptures of their emergence. Thinking about what this means he writes:

Clomid for sale, "These ensembles are not analyzed as universals to which history, with its particular circumstances, would bring a certain number of modifications. Of course, many accepted elements, clomid pharmacy, many conditions of acceptability, can have a long career behind them; but what is a matter of grasping in the analysis of these positivities is that they are in some way pure singularities, not the incarnation of an essence, Hawaii HI, not the individualization of a species: singularity as madness in the modern Western world, singularity absolute as sexuality, singularity absolute as the juridic-moral system of our punishments.”

“No founding recourse, no escape into a pure form—that is no doubt one of the most important and most contestable points of this historicophilosophical approach: if it does not want to fall either into a philosophy of history or into a historical analysis, it ought to maintain itself in the field of immanence of pure singularities, clomid prices. What then. Rupture, discontinuity, North Dakota ND, singularity, pure description, immobile tableau, no explanation, no passage, clomid online cheap, you know all that. It will be said that the analysis of these positivities is not elevated to those procedures called explanatory to which one ascribes a causal value on three conditions: (1) one only grants causal value to the explanations that aim at a last instance valued as profound and unique, economy for some, Georgia GA Ga., demography for others; (2) one only grants as having causal value that which obeys a principle of pyramidization pointing toward the cause or the causal source, the unitary origin; and finally (3) one only grants causal value to that which establishes a certain inevitability or at least that which approaches necessity.”

“The analysis of positivities, to the extent that it has to do with pure singularities related not to a species or an essence but to simple conditions of acceptability…”

“…nothing is more foreign to such an analysis than the rejection of causality. But what is important is that it is not a matter in such analyses of reducing an ensemble of derived phenomena to one cause, but of making intelligible a singular positivity in that which is precisely singular.”

“Let us say roughly that in opposition to a genesis that orients itself toward the unity of a weighty principal cause of a multiple descent, we are concerned here with a genealogy, that is, of something that tries to restore the conditions of appearance of a singularity from multiple determining elements, of which it would appear, not as the product, but as the effect, clomid for sale. Thus this singularity is made intelligible, but it is not seen as functioning according to a principle of closure.”

The same year Foucault gave an interview in which the term singularity is as well used in an illuminating way (DE IV: 23, New Mexico NM N.Mex., Table Ronde du 20 Mai 1978). First the French original and then my terrible, terrible translation:

"J'essaie de travailler dans le sens d'une événementalisation. Ordering clomid online, (…) Que faut-il entendre par événementalisation. Une rupture d'évidence, d'abord. Clomid for sale, Là ou on serait assez tenté de se référer à une constante historique ou à un trait anthropologique immédiat, ou encore a une évidence s'imposant de la même façon à tous, il s'agit de faire surgir une singularité (…) Rupture des évidences (…) Telle est la première fonction theorico-politique de ce que j'appellerais l'événementalisation. En outre, l'événementalisation consiste a retrouver les connexions, where to buy cheap clomid, les rencontres, les appuis, les blocages, Pennsylvania PA Penn., les jeux de force, les stratégies, etc., qui ont, a un moment donné, Idaho ID, ce qui ensuite va fonctionner comme évidence, universalité, nécessité. Purchase clomid, Prendre les choses de cette manière, on procède bien à une sorte de démultiplication causale. Qu'est-ce que cela veut dire. (…) La démultiplication causale consiste à analyser l'évènement selon les processus multiples qui les constituent. (…) Ces processus massifs doivent être eux-mêmes décomposés (…), clomid for sale. L'allègement de la pesanteur causale consistera donc a bâtir, ordering clomid online legally, autour de l'événement singulier analysé comme processus, un polygone ou plutôt polyèdre d'intelligibilité dont le nombre de faces n'est pas défini à l'avance et ne peut jamais être considérer comme fini de plein droit."

"I try to work towards an eventalization. (…) What does that mean, Cheap clomid online without prescription, eventalization. First of all, a rupture of the evident. Where one is tempted to speak of a historical constant or an immediate anthropological feature, or where everyone is compelled to see an apparent evidence, cheapest clomid in the world, one has to make to make visible a singularity (…). Clomid for sale, Rupture of the evident (…) this is the first theoretical/political function of what I call eventalization. Furthermore, eventalization means to find the connections, Clomid for sale, the encounters, the supports [appuis], the blockages, the games of force, the strategies etc., Illinois IL Ill., which have, at a given moment, established that which functions today as the evident, Order clomid without prescription, the universal, the necessary. (…) To take things up in this manner means to work towards a causal demultiplication. What does that mean. (…) Demultiplication, that means to analyze an event by way of focusing on the multiple processes which are constitutive of it. (…) And these massive processes must themselves be decomposed (…) The effort to de-center the causal hence consists in building – by way of analyzing a singular event as a process – a polygonous or better: a polyedrous intelligibility the many possible faces of which cannot be defined in advance and can never be said o be fully exhausted [or known].

If I see correctly, these are the major places where he speaks about singularity (of course it appears elsewhere though most often in the way I explained here, cf, clomid for sale. e.g. the preface to History of Sexuality II, where he speaks about "sexuality as a historically singular experience").

I leave these passages un-interpreted here, inviting you guys to post your ideas. The question is: What to do with this. What does Foucault actually mean by singularity. Can we usefully abstract from his writing for our own purposes, i.e., for the effort to describe our kind of inquiry?

 

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